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Global R&D management
Global R&D management is the discipline of designing and leading R&D processes globally, i.e. across borders, in multi-cultural and multi-lingual settings, and cutting across multiple time zones. In addition, managing R&D organizations, and ensuring smooth transfer of new know-how and technology to other groups or departments involved in innovation.〔Chiesa, V. (2001). R&D Strategy and Organisation, Imperial College Press〕 Global R&D teams trade the benefits of collocation and centralization with the benefits of local responsiveness, local insight and global synergy.
Global R&D management today benefits the automotive, aerospace, medical, software and video game industries, among many others.〔 In order for companies to achieve their objectives
of a timely and cost-effective product development it often requires seeking resources outside the company confines. This can range from outsourcing non-core activities to co-development and collaboration.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Global innovation )〕
==History==
Industrial R&D has globalized since the 1950s, when e.g. the US company IBM started a research center in Europe, but it was not before the 1990s that global R&D reached noteworthy proportions in any firm. Access to local technology, access to local markets,〔von Zedtwitz, M.; Gassmann, O. (2002): Market versus Technology Drive in R&D Internationalization: Four different patterns of managing research and development. Research Policy, 31, 4, 569-588.〕 and merger and acquisitions of parent companies led to a dispersion of R&D activities worldwide. Various estimates now put the average internationalization of R&D at 10% (for e.g. Japanese firms) to more than 50% (e.g. for many European and some US firms). Great variances among companies even within the same industry exist, indicating that there is no single normative strategy to determine the dispersion or globalization of R&D.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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